Sanct-Peterburg
St-PB is the second largest city in Russia. Its population is about five
million people. The city is situated on the east shorn of the golf of
Finland of the Baltic Sea. St-PB stands on the river Neva in its delta. The
river is seventeen four kilometers long. It is the main waterway of the
city. Many centuries ago these lands belong to Novgorod principality, but
it the 17-century they were sired by Sweden. When Peter the first came to
Russian troun he launched the war against Sweden. This war lasted for 21
years. And known as a north war. After one of the important battles Peter
the first ordered to put up the fortress to protect these lands. It was
built on the Heir Island and known as Peter and Paul fortress. Soon Peter
the first decided build a new big city here. He invited famous
architectures to build the city. Now it is one of most big cities in the
world. It is famous for its famous museums, parks and cathedrals.
Shopping
Shopping Shopping has common elements wherewer it takes place. Abuyer looks
for a seller who is
Offering something the buyer wants or needs at a price the buyer can afford
to pay. Sellers often advertise their wares in newspapers, radio,
TV.Sellers usually use a varity of tactics to induce buyers to purchase
from them at a price whitch leaves some profit. Shopping is a part of our
life. There are people who hate going shopping, So they make a list of what
they needed things. And there are people who go from shop to shop looking
for goods of better quality and lower price. They don’t worry about the
time they spend shopping. But there is a very good service called Postal
Market. It helps you to save your time and get goods of high quality.
Sport.
Sport is very important part of our life in GB. Thousand of people play
outdoor and indoor; such as boxing, football, cricket. There are many team
games in GB such as cricking and hockey. There are different of football
for example: rugby whitch oppered 1859 at rugby school. The players have
the oval ball in their hands. Another kind of football is soccer. Soccer
watches big crowds. There is another game in GB whitch is known as cricket.
It is often could an English national game. There is a fact that they play
cricket since 16 centure. This game often play at school and univercities
and all towns and willages have there cricket teams. Swiming is also
popular in GB. Many children learn to swim at schools or during their
holidays at seaside. There are also indoor swiming pools whitch makes
swiming posible all the round. Swiming championships are often reported in
the press , over the radio, and on the television.
MOSCOW
Moscow is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Many centures ago it was a
village and in the 15 century it became the capital of Russia. A Kremlin
was built for russian czars. Since the16 century the city grow and it was
surrounded by a big wall of red stones. But in the 18 century the capital
of Russia was St-Pb and all the czars move to the Winter Palace. In 1918
Moscow again became the capital of Russia. This time the city was very big.
There were a lot of the new streets, squares, blockhouses and cathedrals.
In 1935 the first metro was built in Moscow. The heart of M is Red Square.
There are a lot of people there. They come to see Kremlin, Musoleum and the
eternal 5 of the unknown soldier. The city has nearly 60 museums. The most
famous is a Tretyakovskaya Gallery. The emblem of Moscow you can see on one
of the walls of the Gallery. It is George the Winner slaying the dragon.
The Gallery was opened in in 1892 by Tretyakov. He was the richest merchant
of Moscow and his dream was to open public museum. He began to collect his
collection since 1856. And in the 1892 there were 2000 pictures. Now we can
see there 55000 pictures. Among them we can see pictures of Rublev,
Repin,Serov,Petrov-Vodkin and others.
SEASONS
There are four seasons in the year. They are: winter,spring,summer and
autum. The most longest and the coldest is the winter. Our country is
situated in the north. So, there are a lot of snow in winter. The weather
is cold, the sky is dark and cold wind is blowing. But we have a lot of fun
in winter, because we can sky, play snowbals. Then the next season is
spring. The sun is shining, the birds are singing, the grass become green,
the sky is blue and the weather is warm. Then comes summer. Everything is
green, there are a lot of flowers, mushrooms, and berries. All of us have
summer holidays. They are lasting 3 month. We like summer because we can
swim,bernt, and spend a lot of times out doors. Then comes autum. It is
time to go to school. The weather became again cold, there is much rains,
the leafs are fall down and soon the winter comes again.
HOLIDAYS
There are a lot of holidays and all of us like them. We live in Russia and
it is a country whitch is famous for its holidays. We like to celebrate
them. The most favorite holiday in our country is New Year. We celebrate
it on the 31th of december. All school children have holidays and they like
this holiday very much. We always buy a New Year three and decorate it with
bright balls and different toys. In the evening we always cook tosty
things. New Year is the largest holiday in the winter. Then come spring
with its holidays. They are the 8th of March, it is known as women day.
Then comes the day of victory,whitch is on the 9th of May. It is holiday
for our grandpaents and also it is a national holiday to all Russian
people. We live in St-Pb and 27th of May we celebrate its birthday. All
streets and squares are decorated with flags and lights and we can see a
bright color solute in the evening.
EDUCATION
Education is very important thing in our life. Some people think that an
educated person must know a lot of things. But some people think that it is
better to know a little about a lot. Our parents afraid that bad education
may spoil our chance in future. You must know a lot about your future
profession. At first all children go to the kindergarden. Then at the age
of 6 or 7 the go to shcool. They study maths, literature,history,foreign
languages and other subjects. They finish school at 16 or 17. After school
we can go special colleges, where we study for two or three years. And also
we can go to high schools and univercities. We study there for 5 years and
get high education there.
USA
After 350 years of development the US of A still holds the leading position
in the western world. The USA is the most powerful and highly developed
country in the world. The USA are situated in central part of North
American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its
eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
The USA consists of 3 separate parts. They are the Hawaian Islands, Alaska
and the mayor part of the USA. There are 50 states and district of
Columbia. The states differ very much in size, population and economical
development. The population of the USA is about 250 million people.What
makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economical, political
and
military dominance over other countries. The US is a federal republic. The
flag of USA is called “Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars-white on a blue
field represent the 50 states, 18 stripes represent13 original English
colonies, whitch in 1776 became independed of England. The capital of the
US is Washington. It was named in honor of the first president whose name
was George Washington. The biggest cities of the USA are New York, San
Francisco, Los Angeles,Chicago and others.
L
O
N
D
O
N
A s
w e l l
a s
b e i n g
t h e
c a p i t a l
o f
E n g l a n d
,
L o n d o n
i s
t h e
c a p i t a l
o f
t h e
U
K
.
L o n d o n
w a s
f o u n d e d
b y
t h e
R o m a n s
i n
4
3
A
.
D
.
a n d
w a s
c a l l e d
L o n d i n i u m
.
I n
6
1
A
.
D
.
t h e
t o w n
w a s
b u r n t
d o w n
a n d
w h e n
i t
w a s
r e b u i l t
b y
t h e
R o m a n s
i t
w a s
s u r r o u n d e d
b y
a
w a l l
.
T h a t
a r e a
w i t h i n
t h e
w a l l
i s
n o w
c a l l e d
t h e
C i t y
o f
L o n d o n
.
I t
i s
L o n d o n
’ s
c o m m e r c i a l
a n d
b u s i n e s s
c e n t r e
.
I t
c o n t a i n t s
t h e
B a n k
o f
E n g l a n d
,
T h e
S t o c k
E x c h a n g e
a n d
t h e
h e a d
o f f i c e s
o f
n u m e r o u s
c o m p a n i e s
a n d
c o r p o r a t i o n s
.
H e r e
i s
s i t u a t e d
t h e
T o w e r
o f
L o n d o n
.
I t
w a s
b u i l t
b y
W i l l i a m
t h e
C o n q u e r o r
w h o
c o n q u e r e d
E n g l a n d
i n
1
0
6
6
.
H e
w a s
c r o w n e d
a t
W e s t m i n s t e r
A b b e y
.
N o w
m o s t
o f
t h e
G o v e r n m e n t
b u i l d i n g s
a r e
l o c a t e d
t h e r e
.
D u r i n g
t h e
V i c t o r i a n
p e r i o d
(
1
9
c e n t u r y
)
L o n d o n
w a s
o n e
o f
t h e
m o s t
i m p o r t a n t
c e n t r e s
o f
I n d u s t r i a l
R e v o l u t i o n
a n d
t h e
c e n t r e
o f
t h e
B r i t i s h
E m p i r e
.
T o d a y
L o n d o n
i s
a
g r e a t
p o l i t i c a l
c e n t r e
,
a
g r e a t
c o m m e r c i a l
c e n t r e
,
a
p a r a d i s w
f o r
t h e a t r e
- g o e r s
a n d
t o u r i s t s
.
C i t y
f a m o u s
f o r
i t s
a n c i e n t
b u i l d i n g s
,
m u s e u m s
a n d
l i b r a r i e s
.
M
A
S
S
M
E
D
I
A
M a s s
m e d i a
a r e
o n e
o f
t h e
m o s t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
f e a t u r e s
o f
m o d e r n
c i v i l i z a t i o n
.
P e o p l e
a r e
u n i t e d
i n t o
o n e
g l o b a l
c o m m u n i t y
w i t h
t h e
h e l p
o f
m a s s
m e d i a
.
P e o p l e
c a n
l e a r n
a b o u t
w h a t
i s
h a p p e n i n g
i n
t h e
w o r l d
v e r y
f a s t
u s i n g
m a s s
m e d i a
.
T h e
m a s s
m e d i a
i n c l u d e
n e w s p a p e r s
,
m a g a z i n e s
, r a d i o
a n d
t e l e v i s i o n
.
T h e
e a r l i e s t
k i n d
o f
m a s s
m e d i a
w a s
n e w s p a p e r s
.
T h e
f i r s t
n e w s p a p e r
w a s
R o m a n
h a n d w r i t t e n
n e w s s h e e t
c a l l e d
“
A c t a
D i u r n a
”
s t a r t e d
i n
5
9
B
.
C
.
M a g a z i n e s
a p p e a r e d
i n
1
7
0
0
’ s
.
T h e y
d e v e l o p e d
f r o m
n e w s p a p e r s
a n d
b o o k s e l l e r
’ s
c a t a l o g s
.
R a d i o
a n d
T
V
a p p e a r e d
o n l y
i n
t h i s
c e n t u r y
.
T h e
m o s t
e x c i t i n g
a n d
e n t e r t a i n i n g
k i n d
o f
m a s s
m e d i a
i s
T
V
.
I t
b r i n g s
m o v i n g
p i c t u r e s
a n d
s o u n d s
d i r e c t l y
t o
p e o p l e
’ s
h o m e s
.
R a d i o
i s
w i d e s p r e a d
f o r
i t s
p o r t a b l i l i t y
.
I t
m e a n s
t h a t
r a d i o s
c a n
e a s i l y
b e
c a r r i e d
a r o u n d
.
P e o p l e
l i k e
l i s t e n i n g
t o
t h e
r a d i o
o n
t h e
b e a c h
o r
p i c n i c
,
w h i l e
d r i v i n g
a
c a r
o r
j u s t
w a l k i n g
d o w n
t h e
s t r e e t
.
N e w s p a p e r s
c a n
p r e s e n t
a n d
c o m m e n t
o n
t h e
n e w s
i n
m u c h
d e t a i l
i n
c o m p a r i s o n
t o
r a d i o
o r
T
V
.
M a g a z i n e s
d o n
’ t
f o c u s
o n
d a i l y
,
r a p i d l y
c h a n g i n g
e v e n t s
.
T h e y
p r o v i d e
m o r e
p r o f o u n d
a n a l y s i s
o f
e v e n t s
o f
w e e k
.
G
R
E
A
T
B
R
I
T
A
I
N
T h e
U
K
o f
G
B
a n d
N o r t h e n
(
?
)
I s l a n d
a r e
s i t u a t e d
o n
t h e
B r i t i s h
I s l e s
,
w h i t c h
a r e
s e p a r a t e d
f r o m
t h e
E u r o p e a n
C o n t i n e n t
b y
t h e
N o r t h
S e a
a n d
t h e
E n g l i s h
C h a n n e l
.
B r i t i s h
p o p u l a t i o n
i s
o v e r
5
6
m i l l i o n
.
T h e
l a r g e s t
c i t i e s
o f
t h e
c o u n t r y
a r e
L o n d o n
,
L i v e r p o o l
a n d
G l a z g o
.
T h e r e
a r e
o t h e r
f a m o u s
a n d
i n t e r e s t i n g
c i t i e s
s u c h
B e r m i n g e m
,
M a n c h e s t e r
,
C h e s t e r
( i n
t h e
p a s t
i t
w a s
a
R o m a n
f o r t
)
,
Y o r k
,
O x f o r d
a n d
C a m b r i g e
.
T h i s
c i t y
i s
f a m o u s
f o r
i t
’ s
B r i t a i n
’ s
s e c o n d
o l d e s t
u n i v e r s i t y
.
T h e
U
K
i s
t h e
m o n a r c h y
.
T h e
h e a d
o f
s t a t e
i s
a
k i n g
o r
a
q u e e n
.
T h e
t e r r i t o r y
o f
G
B
i s
s m a l l
.
T h e
h e a r t
o f
B r i t a n
i s
E n g l a n d
.
I t
i s
t h e
r e a c h e s t
a n d
t h e
m o s t
p o p u l a t e d
c o u n t r y
.
T h e
n o r t h
a n d
w e s t
o f
E n g l a n d
a r e
m o u n t a i n s
,
b u t
a l l
t h e
r e s t
o f
t h e
t e r r i t o r y
i s
t h e
V a s t
(
?
)
P l a i n
.
T h e
s m a l l e s t
o f
B r i t a i n
’ s
c o u n t r i e s
i s
W a l e s
.
T h e
l a r g e s t
p a r t
o f
W a l e s
i s
c o v e r e d
w i t h
r o c k y
m o u n t a i n s
.
T h e
c a p i t a l
o f
G
B
i s
L o n d o n
.
I t
s t a n d s
o n
t h e
T h a m e s
,
t h e
m o s t
i m p o r t a n t
r i v e r
i n
G
B
.
S t o n e h e n g e
i s
o n e
o f
t h e
m o s t
f a m o u s
p r e h i s t o r i c
p l a c e s
i n
t h e
w o r l d
.
T h i s
a n c i e n t
c i r c l e
o f
s t o n e s
s t a n d s
i n
S o u t h w e s t
E n g l a n d
.
I t
m a d e
w i t h
m a s s i v e
b l o c k s
o f
s t o n e
u p
t o
4
m e t r e s
h i g h
.
W h y
i t
w a s
b u i l t
i s
m i s t e r y
.
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
A
L
P
O
L
L
U
T
I
O
N
P e o p l e
h a v e
a l w a y s
p o l l u t e d
t h e i r
s u r r o u n d i n g s
.
B u t
u n t i l l
n o w
p o l l u t i o n
w a s
n o t
s u c h
a
s e r i o u s
p r o b l e m
.
P e o p l e
l i v e d
i n
u n c r o w e d
a r e a s
a n d
d i d
n o t
h a v e
p o l l u t i o n
- c a u s i n g
m a c h i n e s
.
W i t h
t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t
o f
c r o w d e d
i n d u s t r i a l
c i t i e s
w h i t c h
p u t
h u g e
a m o u n t s
o f
p o l l u t a n s
i n t o
s m a l l
a r e a s
,
t h e
p r o b l e m
h a s
b e c o m e
m o r e
i m p o r t a n t
.
A u t o m o b i l e s
a n d
o t h e r
n e w
i n v e n t i o n s
m a k e
p o l l u t i o n
s t e a d i l y
w o r s e
.
S i n c e
t h e
l a t e
1
9
6
0
’ s
p e o p l e
h a v e
b e c o m e
a l a r m e d
w i t h
t h e
d a n g e r
o f
p o l l u t i o n
.
A i r
, w a t e r
, a n d
s o i l
a r e
n e c e s s a r y
f o r
e x i s t a n c e
o f
a l l
l i v i n g
t h i n g s
.
B u t
p o l l u t e d
a i r
c a n
c a u s e
i l l n e s s
,
a n d
e v e n
d e a t h
.
P o l l u t e d
w a t e r
k i l l s
f i s h
a n d
o t h e r
m a r i n e
l i f e
.
O n
p o l l u t e d
s o i l
,
f o o d
c a n
n o t
b e
g r o w n
.
I n
a d d i t i o n
e n v i r o n m e n t a l
p o l l u t i o n
s p o i l s
t h e
n a t u r a l
b e a u t y
o f
o u r
p l a n e t
G o v e r n m e n t
c a n
p a s s
t h e
l a w s
t h a t
w o u l d
m a k e
e n t e r p r i s e s
t a k e
m e a s u r e s
f o r
r e d u c i n g
o f
p o l l u t i o n
.
I n d i v i d u a l s
a n d
g r o u p s
o f
p e o p l e
c a n
w o r k
t o g e t h e r
t o
p e r s u a d e
e n t e r p r i s e s
t o
s t o p
p o l l u t i n g
a c t i v i t i e s
.
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
T h e r e
a r e
m a n y
l a n g u a g e s
i n
t h e
w o r l d
:
F r a n c h
,
D o y t c h
,
S p a n i s h
,
R u s s i a n
a n d
m a n y
o t h e r
.
B u t
m o s t
i m p o r t a n t
l a n g u a g e
i s
E n g l i s h
.
“
D o
y o u
s p e a k
E n g l i s h
?
”
- w i t h
t h i s
p h r a s e
b e g i n s
t h e
c o n v e r s a t i o n
b e t w e e n
t w o
p e o p l e
,
t h a t
s p e a k
d i f f e r e n t
l a n g u a g e s
a n d
w a n t
t o
f i n d
a
c o m m o n
l a n g u a g e
.
I t
’ s
v e r y
g o o d
w h e n
y o u
h e a r
:
“
Y e s
,
I
d o
”
,
a n d
s t a r t
t a l k i n g
.
P e o p l e
o f
d i f f e r e n t
c o u n t r i e s
a n d
n a t i o n s
h a v e
t o
g e t
a l o n g
w e l l
w i t h
t h e
p r o g r e s s
i n
w o r l d
t r a d e
a n d
t e c h n o l o g y
a s
w e l l
a s
w i t h
e a c h
o t h e r
.
S o
i t
i s
v e r y
u s e f u l
t o
l e a r n
f o r e i g n
l a n g u a g e s
.
K n o w l e d g e
o f
f o r e i g n
l a n g u a g e
h e l p s
u s
t o
d e v e l o p
f r i e n d s h i p
a n d
u n d e r s t a n d i n g
a m o n g
p e o p l e
.
E n g l i s h
i s
v e r y
p o p u l a r
n o w
.
I t
’ s
t h e
l a n g u a g e
o f
c o m p u t e r s
,
s c i n c e
,
b u s i n e s s
,
s p o r t
a n d
p o l i t i c s
.
I t
’ s
s p o k e n
a l l
o v e r
t h e
w o r l d
.
I t
’ s
t h e
o f f i c i a l
l a n g u a g e
o f
T h e
U
S
A
,
U
K
,
I r e l a n d
,
C a n a d a
a n d
A u s t r a l i a
.
T h e r e
a r e
m o r e
t h a n
1
b i l l i o n
s p e a k e r s
o f
E n g l i s h
i n
t h e
w o r l d
.
S p e a k i n g
a
f o r e i g n
l a n g u a g e
y o u
c a n
r e a d
p a p e r s
,
m a g a z i n e s
a n d
o r i g i n a l
b o o k s
b y
g r e a t
w r i t e r s
.
I f
y o u
l i k e
t r a v e l l i n g
y o u
c a n
g o
a n y
w h e r e
w i t h o u t
b e i n g
a f r a i d
t h a t
o t h e r
p e o p l e
w i l l
n o t
u n d e r s t a n d
y o u
.
E n g l i s h
i s
t o o
i m p o r t a n t
t o
f i n d
a
g o o d
j o b
.