Международный институт экономики и финансов,1 курс,
Высшая Школа Экономики.
on the article “Tobacco and Tolerance: Blowing smoke”.
Not only labour made man differ from a monkey, but also care and attention to his fellow creatures. This is the main point of human relations and the basis of human being. Animals are first of all competitors with each other, and they do not have an instinct to help their neighbours and to think about their safety. The only exception is their own cubs.
Similarly, as a father and mother take care of a small child who does
not yet have his own opinion on what is good and what is bad, who do not
even know, that many seemingly innocent things harm his health greatly and
cause strong addiction. Even when a child realises that, it is very hard
for him to make the right decision. And if we consider such thing as
smoking, the only right decision is not to start it. One may argue that
whether to smoke or not is the private decision of every person and no one
might impose his point of view to someone. I agree with this statement, but
not always this principle provides us with a solution to the problem of
social wellbeing. People make a lot of decisions connected with great risks
like motorcycle riding, parachute jumping, smoking, taking drugs and so on.
Some of these things have unalterable consequences, which make people
regret they have made these decisions during the rest of their lives. The
only thing they should ask themselves is whether this thing is worth
risking. The fewer would be the number of activities that greatly harm
human health, and above all, of these, which are not worth risking like
smoking, the better it would be for the health of all humanity. The
exceptions are such things as scuba diving or mountain climbing and other,
because they can be justified from many reasons and they are not simple and
stupid self-poisoning. I do not agree with the author of the article
“Tobacco and Tolerance: Blowing smoke” that smoking is not a social problem
but a private one and the anti-smoking program should be minimized. Those
people, who have already started and have become addicted to ‘the grayish-
blue fumes’ can’t fully realize, why do they take this great risk, still
acknowledging that this harms their health, and it is hard for them to give
up smoking without outside help. For this noble purpose there should always
exist those people who can clearly realize this enormous threat as third
persons with their unaddicted minds. They should never stop such hard and
unappreciated occupations as different anti-smoke programs and, whether
smokers want it or not, they should try to pull them out of this ‘gray and
poisonous swamp’. This can be done by different government merciless
limitations of tobacco producing companies, tobacco advertisements,
restricting places for smoking to minimum and so on. That is why smoking is
a problem of the whole society, despite some of its members think that it
is not, because healthy persons form a healthy society.
Smoking causes (or, if someone would be lucky, it might cause) many
different illnesses like lung and mouth cancer, heart disease, oral cavity.
In general, the risk of developing a tobacco-related cancer depends on the
intensity of the habit as determined by a duration of the smoking habit, a
number of cigarettes smoked per day, a tar content of the cigarette, and
the depth of inhalation. Cigarette smoking is not only related to the
development of lung cancer but also affects the development of cancer of
the bladder, oral cavity, and esophagus. A non-smoker’s inhalation of smoke
produced by smokers in an enclosed space also appears to heighten the risk
of developing lung cancer. That is why the problem of passive smoking is
also very actual and to avoid harmful consequences, governments of all
countries ought to enlarge the development of a program of making isolated
places for smokers to enjoy their dangerous toys without any harm to other
people.
After the major medical revelations about smoking during the 1950s and
'60s there was an increasing attempt to lessen the influence of tobacco
advertising in several countries. Cigarette manufacturers in Canada agreed
to end television advertising in 1972 after a bill to effect that end was
passed in the Commons. In West Germany television advertising of cigarettes
was to be phased out by the end of 1972.And as a result, the rate of
smoking in America has declined from more than 40% to about 25% and the
number of ex-smokers has trebled. This was the great victory of anti-
smoking programs.
In fact, a tobacco-producing industry is very profitable, and of course, these companies try to find or sometimes to invent some evidences and reasons why people need to use their harmful production. I believe that the anti-smoking programs cause great losses to them, and someday they will succeed and it would not be profitable for producers to continue operating any more.
Figure 1 shows that the demand curve for tobacco production is very
inelastic, because it is highly addictive and has no close substitutes.
Buyers could not reject a considerable amount of it in response to a large
increase in price.
In figure 2 we see the situation after the government’s imposition of a
sales tax. The new Supply curve will shift upwards on the amount of tax.
And because the demand for tobacco production is inelastic, this will
increase total revenue of a producer. This indirect tax would not become
his profit and all the additional money received would be considered as
costs and go directly to the government.
(TR1= q*p TR2= Q*P)
Figure 3 shows us the situation where the government sets a price ceiling on tobacco production, which would result in slightly higher demand but lower quantity produced, as it would not be beneficial for a producer to operate at the previous production level. If this price ceiling would be set at P lower than 2 (the lowest price, at which a firm will be willing to produce), than these firms would not operate at all, because their costs would be greater than revenues.
Smoking also has great negative externalities. This is passive smoking,
which is said to be even more harmful than the ‘active one’. Especially
children fall under the thread of this problem whose parents are chain-
smokers.
In the figure 4 we see private demand DD and supply SS with free market
equilibrium at E and eqiul. quantity Q. With a negative consumption
externality , the social marginal benefit is DD1 lying below DD. E* is the
socially efficient point at which output is Q*. At this output the marginal
externality is E*F. By levying this tax of exactly E*F
per unit, the government can shift the private supply curve from SS to SS1
leading to a new equilibrium at F at which the socially efficient quantity
Q*
is produced and the dead-weight burden of the externality E*HE is
eliminated.
Although it is not possible to stop a tobacco industry immediately, the models above show how the government could decrease its harmful influence and consequences. For example, the money that it receives from taxation could be spent on the improvement of different rehabilitation centres for ex-smokers or on the development of anti-smoking program and advertisements.
In conclusion, I believe that in any case, smoking IS one of social problems and despite some people considering it to be like motorcycle riding or other risky occupation, it is not worth totally risking. The conscious part of humanity ought to help smokers to give up this habit by trying to restrict smoking by all means. Then there would be one social problem less.
Moreover, smoking is a great fraud of all humanity. If, for example, you
comb you hand in some place for many years day after day, this would first
become your habit and second- this would give you an inexplicable pleasure.
If you held a match in your mouth or crunch the tail-end of your pen for
many years, this would also result in these things. Thus smoking provides
us with the same “virtues”, and all people, particularly at an early age,
previously pretending to each other, that smoking is a sort of pleasure and
relaxation for them, start getting pleasure just from the fact they have
got addicted years later. This stupidity came out of tobacco producing
companies, which made a fetish of a considerable part of humanity from an
old Indian ritual tradition.
P.S. Five packets of cigarettes were smoked while writing this essay… (
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