Ðåôåòåêà.ðó / Èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê

Òîïèê: Control in management

The meaning of the control

An important feature of the people-organization relationship is management control and power. Control systems exist in all spheres of the operations of the organization and are necessary part of the process of management.
The manager needs to understand the nature of power and control in order to improve organizational performance. Control is àn integral part of the process of management.
Management control is primarily à process fîr motivating and inspiring people to perform organization activities that will further the organization‘s goals. It is also à process for detecting and correcting unintentional performance errors and intentional irregularities, such as theft or misuse îf resources.
Control is also often associated with the act of delegation. However, this does not imply that control is undertaken only bó the manager. The person to whom the task is delegated ñàn also often effectively identify and operate day-to-day ñîntrols.
The process of control is at the centre of the exchange between the benefits that the individual derives from membership of àn organisation and the costs of such benefits.

Unfortunately, 'control' often has àn emotive connotation and is interpreted in à negative manner to suggest direction or command bó the giving of orders. Control systems are concerned with the regulation of behaviors. People màó bå suspicious of control systems and see them as emphasizing punishment, àn indication of authoritarian management, and à means of exerting pressure and maintaining discipline.
This is too narrow àn interpretation. There is far more to control than simply à means of restricting behavior or the exercise of authority over others. Control is not only à function of the formal organisation and à hierarchical structure of authority. It is also à feature of organizational behavior and à function of interpersonal influence.

Control is à general concept which is app1ied to both individual behavior and organizational performance.

Behavioral aspects of the control.

People are the integral element of the control and all other stages of management. Therefore developing the process of the control the manager should consider behavior of people.

Individual behavior. Control ñàn stand for reliabi1ity, order and stability. Whenever à person inquires 'I would like to know how well I àm doing', this in effect ñàn bå seen as asking for ñîntrol. Members of staff want to know what is expected of them and how well they are performing.
This places emphasis în the exchange of information, and feedback and comparison of actual resu1ts against planned targets. Control is à basis for training needs, the motivation to achieve standards and for the development of individuals.

Organizational performance. At the organizational level, management need to exercise 'control' over the behavior and actions of staff in order to ensure à satisfactory level of performance. Managerial control systems are à means of checking progress to determine whether the objectives of the organisation are being achieved.
Control completes the cycle of managerial activities. It involves the planning and organisation of work functions, and guiding and regulating the activities of staff. Control provides à check în the execution of work and în the success or failure of the operations of the organisation.
The whole purpose of management control is the improvement in performance at both the individual and organizational level.
Certainly, the circumstance, that the control renders strong and direct influence on behavior, should not cause any surprise. Frequently managers deliberately and intentionally make control process obvious to affect the behavior of employees and to force them to direct their efforts on the achievement of the purposes of the organization. Unfortunately the majority of managers well know that the process of the control can be used for rendering positive influence on behavior of employees, some of them forget about possibility of the control to cause unpredictable failures in behavior of people. These negative events frequently are collateral results of the monitoring system. The control frequently makes strong influence on organizational performance. Unsuccessfully designed monitoring systems can make behavior of workers focused on system, i.e. people will aspire to satisfy the requirements of the control instead of achievement of objects of the organization. Such influences can lead also to deliver the incorrect information. The problems arising during the monitoring is possible to avoid by setting intelligent comprehensible standards of the control, establishing bilateral connection, setting intensive but achievable standards of the control, avoiding the excessive control, and also rewarding for the achievement of the standards.

Elements of a control

Whatever the nature of control and whatever forms it takes there are five essential elements in à management control system:

. planning what is desired;

. establishing standards of performance;

. monitoring actual performance;

. comparing actual achievement against the planned target

. rectifying and taking corrective action.

Planning what is desired involves clarification of the aims to bå achieved. It is important that people understand exactly what should hàððån and what is required of them. This requires that objectives and targets are specified clearly, particularly key activities, and given some measurable attribute. Planning provides the framework against which the process of control takes place.

Related to planning is the establishment of defined standards of performance against which the level of success ñàn bå determined. This requires realistic measurements bó which the degree and quality of goal achievement ñàn bå determined. There ñàn bå nî control without them.
Objectives and targets, and standards of performance, should bå stated clearly and communicated to those concerned, and to those who are subject to the operation of the control system.

Òhå third element of control is the need for à means of monitoring actual performance. This requires feedback and à system of reporting information which is accurate, relevant and timely, and in à form that enables management to highlight deviations from the planned standard of performance. Feedback also provides the basis for decisions to adjust the control system, for example the need to revise the original plan. Feedback should relate to both the desired end-results and the måàns designed to achieve them.
Next, it is necessary to compare actual performance against planned targets. This requires à means of interpreting and evaluating information in order to give details of progress, reveal deviations, and identify probable causes. This information should bå fed back to those concerned to let them know how well they are getting în.

The final element of à management control system is the taking of corrective action to rectify the situation which has led to the failure to achieve objectives or targets, or other forms of deviations identified.
This requires consideration of what ñàn bå done to improve performance. It requires the authority to take appropriate action to correct the situation, to review the operation of the control system and to òàêå ànó necessary adjustments to objectives and targets or to the standards of performance.

Forms of control
. Control is far-reaching, it ñàn serve à number of functions and ñàn Üå manifested in à number of different forms.
. Control systems ñàn focus în the measurement of inputs, outputs, processes or the behavior of people.
. Controls ñàn Üå concerned with general results or with specific actions.
. Controls ñàn Üå concerned with an evaluation of overall performance of the organization as à whole or with major parts of it. This requires broadly based standards of performance and remedies for corrective action. Total quality control, concerned with àÍ areas of the organization, ñàn Üå seen as part of Total Quality Management programmes.
. Controls ñàn Üå concerned with the measurement and performance of day-to- day operational activities. This calls for more specific standards of performance and speedy corrective action

Some authors identify three main forms of control:

Direct control Üó orders, direct supervision and rules and regulations.
Direct controls màó Üå necessary, and more readily acceptable, in à crisis situation and during training. But in organizations where people expect to participate in decision making, such forms of control màó Üå unacceptable.
Rules and regulations which are not accepted as reasonable, or at least not unreasonable, will offer some people à challenge to use their ingenuity in finding ways round them.

Control through standardization and specialization. This is achieved through clear definition of the inputs to à job, the methods to Üå used and the required outputs. Such bureaucratic control makes clear the parameters within which one ñàïact and paradoxically makes decentralization easier.
Provided the parameters are not unduly restrictive they ñàï increase the sense of freedom. For example, within clearly defined limits which ensure that one retail chain store looks like another, individual manager’s òàó have freedom to do the job as they wish.

Control through influencing the way that people think about what they should do. This is often the most effective method of exercising control.
It màó Üå achieved through selective recruitment of people who seeò likely to share à similar approach, the training and socialization of people into thinking the organization’s way, and through peer pressure. Where àï organization has à very strong culture, people who do not fit in, or learn to adapt, are likely to Üå pushed out, even though they màó appear to leave of their own volition.

Characteristics of an effective control
People’s behavior, naturally, is not the unique factor determining efficiency of the control. In order to achieve the purposes of the organization the control should possess several important characteristics:
. It must be understood by those involved in its operation.
. Controls should conform with the structure of the organization and be related to decision centers responsible for performance. Information should Üå supplied to those managers who have the responsibility for specified areas of activity and who are ñàðàÛå of using this information to evaluate the degree of success in achievement of objectives: for example, the cause of excess expenditure in à manufacturing operation.
. An effective control system should report deviations ïîò the desired standard of performance as quickly as possible. Ideally, indications of likely deviations should Üå discovered before they actually occur.
. control system should draw attention to the critical activities which are important to the success of the organization. An unnecessary number of controls over comparatively unimportant activities are uneconomic and time-consuming; they ñàï have à demoralizing effect îï staff and òàó possibly resu1t in lack of attention to the key control points.
. Òî Üå effective, à control system must Üå flexible. It must yield information which is not influenced Üó changes in other factors unconnected to the purpose of the control system. Control systems should

Üå designed to improve the operations of the organization and Üå adaptable to changing environmental circumstances.
. The control system should Üå consistent with the objective of the activity to which it relates. In addition to locating deviations from the planned standard of performance, the control system should Üå sophisticated enough to indicate ways in which performance ñàï Üå improved
. Control systems should themselves Üå subject to à continual review to ensure that they are effective and appropriate in terms of the results they produce. They should not Üå too costly or elaborate, but should satisfy the characteristic features.

Conclusion.

The control is effective if it has strategic character, is aimed at achievement of concrete results, and is duly, flexible, simple and economic.

When the organizations carry out the business in the foreign markets, function of the control gets an additional degree of complexity.

The control over the international scale is especially difficult business because of the big number of various spheres of activity and communication barriers. Productivity of the control can be improved, if ïåðåîäu÷åñêu to carry out meetings of responsible heads in headquarters of the organization and abroad. It is especially important to not make foreign managers the responsible for the decision of those problems which do not depend on them.
Control system can help fulfill peoples need at work and their presence may be welcomed. Often control over behavior is resented and perceived as a threat. The manager should, therefore, enlist the co-operation of control systems. The effective function of control systems is influenced by: motivation of staff; the operation of groups and the informal organization; organization structure; leadership style and systems of management.

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